In conclusion, infinite conjugate long working distance microscope objectives play a pivotal role in various scientific and industrial applications by providing high-resolution imaging capabilities. Their evolution highlights the constant need for advanced design and development to meet diverse research and production demands. Long working distances offer operational flexibility, collision avoidance, and suitability for various sample thicknesses, making them indispensable in critical scenarios like optical fiber alignment, atom trapping, and crystal growth observation.

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The evolution of microscope objectives, with a historical backdrop, underscores the ongoing importance of design and development. The demand for specialized non-standard lenses in scientific research and increasing requirements in various fields drive the development of objectives with better flat-field characteristics, chromatic aberration correction, and, notably, long working distances.

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The classic definition of a macro lens is one that has a maximum magnification ratio of at least 1:1, or “1x” in lens specifications. This means that a subject can be reproduced at full size on the camera’s image sensor: a 10 mm object can be projected onto the sensor as a 10 mm image when the lens is sufficiently close to the subject. A maximum magnification ratio of 1:2 or “0.5x” would mean that the maximum size that an image of the same 10 mm object could be projected onto the sensor would be 5 mm, or just half its true size.

Macro lenses are specifically designed to deliver optimum optical performance at very short focusing distances and will usually be sharpest at close range, but that doesn’t mean that you can only use them for macro photography. Many macro lenses are also capable of excellent performance when shooting normal subjects at normal distances as well.

In the optical configuration of a finite conjugate system, light emanating from a light source, not positioned at infinity, converges to a specific spot (see Figure 11). In the context of a microscope, the image of the examined object undergoes magnification and is projected onto the eyepiece or camera sensor. The system’s particular distance is defined by either the DIN or JIS standard, with all finite conjugate microscopes adhering to one of these two standards. This design is prevalent in basic microscopes and finds application in scenarios where cost-effectiveness and simplified design are primary considerations.

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Microscope objectives employ two primary imaging modes: finite conjugate imaging and infinite conjugate imaging. Infinite conjugate objectives project images to infinity and necessitate the use of a tube lens for imaging assistance. The parallel light path between the infinite conjugate lens and the tube lens facilitates the incorporation of optical components, such as splitters and polarizers, without compromising imaging quality. This flexibility has made infinite conjugate lenses a mainstream choice in the market.

Despite the challenges posed by achieving long working distances, the ongoing advancements in optical design and lens processing capabilities continue to push the boundaries of microscope objective performance, ensuring clear imaging and enhanced resolution for a wide range of applications.

Contrastingly, in an infinite conjugate or infinity-corrected optical system, light originating from an infinite distant source is focused on a small spot. Within an objective, this spot serves as the object under examination, while infinity points toward the eyepiece or camera sensor (refer to Figure 12). This sophisticated design incorporates an additional tube lens between the object and eyepiece, enabling the production of an image. Despite its complexity compared to finite conjugate designs, the infinite conjugate system allows the integration of optical components like filters, polarizers, and beamsplitters into the optical path. This feature facilitates advanced image analysis and extrapolation in complex systems.

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Microscope objectives are essential components in optical microscopes, serving to magnify and capture images of observed objects. They find applications in diverse fields such as biomedical research, precision detection, and semiconductor processing. Additionally, microscope objectives are employed independently in scientific research and industrial production, for activities such as atom capture and laser processing.

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Where n is the refractive index of the medium between the lens and the object, and θ is the half-angle of the light from the object. The medium between a conventional lens and an object is air, called a dry lens, and the theoretical limit of NA is 1. If you want to break the theoretical limit, you need to change the medium to water or oil. Long working distance microscope objectives are usually dry lenses.

[1] Minimum focusing distance (approx. 13 cm / 5.1 in. at 1x magnification) [2] Working distance (approx. 2 cm / 0.8 in. at 1x magninfication) [3] Minimum focusing distance (approx. 35 cm / 13.8 in. at 1x magnification) [4] Working distance (approx. 16 cm / 6.3 in. at 1x magnification) [5] Image sensor plane

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However, achieving long working distances often involves employing a reverse telephoto design structure, which increases lens diameter and complexity. This imposes higher requirements on optical design and lens processing capabilities.

Apart from operational flexibility, long working distances offer advantages such as collision avoidance between the sample and the objective, suitability for samples of varying thickness, and reduced risks of debris contamination and lens damage during processing. In specific scenarios like atom trapping and crystal growth observation, long working distance objectives become indispensable.

Resolution is expressed as a function of wavelength (λ) and numerical aperture (NA), with NA calculated as the product of the refractive index (n) and the sine of the half-angle (θ) of light from the object. Achieving high magnification often involves a trade-off, as increasing NA for better resolution concurrently poses challenges in correcting on-axis and paraxial aberrations and achieving long working distances. For an aberration-corrected objective that reaches the diffraction limit, the resolution is usually expressed as follows:

Working distance, denoting the distance between the object and the lens’s front end, emerges as a crucial parameter in microscope objective selection. Longer working distances afford greater flexibility in applications. For instance, in optical fiber fusion, a high-magnification objective with a long working distance improves alignment precision by providing ample space for the optical fiber.

Where λ is the band and NA is the numerical aperture of the lens, which is the most commonly used aperture representation method for microscopic objective lenses:

The magnification of any lens is determined by its focal length. For macro photography we are also concerned with how close we can get to our subject. These two factors, focal length and minimum focusing distance, determine the lens’s maximum magnification ratio, sometimes referred to as “reproduction ratio”. The closer you can get to your subject with a lens of a given focal length, the higher the magnification ratio you’ll achieve.

The “minimum focusing distance” lens specification can be confusing. Minimum focusing distance is measured from the subject to the rear focal point of the lens, which is at the image sensor plane in the camera body. The term “working distance” is used to describe the distance between the subject and the front element of the lens.

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If a lens is specified as having an 0.2 m (20 cm) minimum focusing distance, for example, depending on the thickness of the camera body and the length of the lens, you might only have a few centimetres of working distance when focused at the minimum focusing distance in order to take a 1:1 macro shot. Being that close to your subject can make lighting difficult (special macro flashes and ring lights are available to overcome this type of lighting problem), focusing can be difficult if the subject or camera moves even slightly, and you’re likely to scare away living subjects at such close distances. If any of those problems occur, you need to choose a macro lens that has a longer focal length for more working distance.

For instance, the introduction of a filter between the objective and tube lens permits the observation of specific wavelengths of light or the blocking of unwanted wavelengths that might disrupt the setup. Fluorescence microscopy commonly employs this design. Another advantage of the infinite conjugate configuration is its capability to adjust magnification according to specific application requirements. The objective magnification is determined by the ratio of the tube lens focal length (fTube Lens) to the objective focal length (fObjective). By altering the tube lens focal length, typically a 200mm achromatic lens, the objective magnification can be customized. If an objective follows an infinite conjugate design, the objective body will bear an infinity symbol.

For infinite conjugate microscope objectives, magnification is determined by the focal length of the objective and the tube lens. High-magnification objectives, typically exceeding 50X, are associated with enhanced resolution. Resolution, indicating the minimum resolvable distance between two points, is a critical factor in applications requiring detailed imaging, such as optical fiber alignment. The magnification is calculated as follows:

Another important characteristic of macro lenses used at short range is that they have very narrow depth of field. That means they have to be focused very carefully to get the desired details in perfect focus. A tripod can make focusing easier in some situations. You might have to stop the aperture down quite a bit to achieve sufficient depth of field with some subjects. But shallow depth of field can be an advantage, emphasising the essential in-focus detail while defocusing and de-emphasising distracting background.

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High magnification means a short focal length, and short focal length can achieve large NA. Increasing NA is a common method to improve the resolution of objective lenses. As a small aberration optical system, a high NA means that more light is collected, but the light must be concentrated in a smaller area. With high NA as the premise, it is not easy to correct the on-axis and paraxial aberrations, and it is even more difficult to achieve long working distances at the same time.

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